Is anyone within the social structure an enemy to anyone?\u00a0 Is there a constant state of conflict and fight between them?\u00a0 These are two of the social domain-related descriptions of Thomas Hobbes, a renowned British philosopher.\u00a0 He, in a sense, says both yes and no as an answer to both questions.<\/p>\n
The relationship between subject or ego and other subjects or alter egos has been taken into consideration in different ways for a long while, especially in the modern phase of the history of philosophy.\u00a0 It must be immediately stated that the concept of \u201calter ego\u201d is chosen deliberately, while the concept of \u201cother\u201d is not used despite being used more widely, because the concept of \u201cother\u201d, in itself, naturally emphasizes exclusion towards those that do not belong to the ego.\u00a0 Nevertheless, the conceptualization of ego and alter ego includes a similarity of timbre that attempts to feature the essential similarity between the two.\u00a0 That\u2019s why, instead of \u201cother\u201d, the expression \u201calter ego\u201d or \u201cdifferent-ego(s)\u201d seems to be more accurate when considered with its background of use in the philosophy.<\/p>\n
Two philosophers stand out by their determinant aspects in the discussions of subject in the history of philosophy. The first one is Ren\u00e9 Descartes (1596-1650), who is partially within the coverage area of this chapter, and the other is Kant (1720-1804), a philosopher who cannot take it into consideration due to the narrowness of this field of study.\u00a0 Descartes leaped forward with his famous quote \u201cCogito ergo sum \/ I think therefore I am\u201d regarding the question of subject that has been under discussion for long years, and he, by this aspect, became a ground-breaking philosopher within the context of that subject.\u00a0 Nonetheless, the pattern \u201ci think\u201d that Descartes offers is in a closed and isolated position due to the fact that it does not refer to any other egos or subjects; the reason why its subject exists, along with the knowledge of its existence, arise from itself; they are not open to any other minds.\u00a0 This form is the most fundamental deficiency for his modern theory of subject.\u00a0 Within this context, according to Do\u011fan G\u00f6\u00e7men:<\/p>\n
\u201cDescartes\u2019 formula foresees that knowledge and knowledge of ego are enough for establishing the subject.\u00a0 However, as shown by [Dieter] Henrich, although the use of the word \u201cego\u201d requires the knowledge of ego, it is not enough to form the \u201cego\u201d.\u00a0 Knowledge of ego is a mediated and oblique knowledge that stipulates the outer world and other \u201cegos\u201d.\u00a0 According to Smith, \u201cego\u201d can be formed in association with the outer world at a macro level and over the \u201cwe\u201d on a historical basis, and in a mediated manner over the \u201cyou\u201d at a micro level.\u201d\u00a0 (G\u00f6\u00e7men, 2015:63)<\/p>\n
As seen, G\u00f6\u00e7men also points out this issue, emphasizing the necessity of the ego and alter ego relationship.\u00a0 The second moment of leap, which is of more importance to us in the discussions of subject after Descartes, is made by Hegel (1770-1831), a 19th century German philosopher.\u00a0 It must be instantly stated that Hegel\u2019s understanding of subject is not an isolated ego that tests and measures the source of its legitimacy solely by itself; on the contrary, an ego in its system is compulsorily required to establish a relationship with alter egos in order to fully realize itself as a modern subject.\u00a0 Of course, this relationship will self-apply the principle of considering other subjects equal to itself, which is almost an unnamed rule.\u00a0 Furthermore, Robert Williams, an American philosopher, specifies that a state of freedom will appear out of this reciprocal relationship.\u00a0 Ego and alter egos in interaction will both turn themselves into subjects and reach a state of liberation while doing it; this is a really well-functioning system.\u00a0 Freedom points out a situation that might appear as a consequence of each subject\u2019s relationship with other subjects, and by its nature, it is social and it does not seem likely within the limitedness of individuality.<\/p>\n
As far as I’m concerned, this theory of contemporary subject that fully finds itself in this state of mutual relationship and interaction, as brought forward by Hegel, still holds its validity within the collectivisms we live in today, and manifests itself in sociology, psychology and other fields of social sciences as well.\u00a0 Can a human live within the public sphere without needing any other humans?\u00a0 The answer is most likely \u201cno\u201d.\u00a0 Because we indeed are in constant contact with many other people in any area we live as a human\/citizen\/subject, and we survive by the contributions made by each; of course, we also make such contributions to other egos, we definitely do not live in an isolated way.\u00a0 None of us live a life within the limited world of ours neither morally nor materially, so much so that being left isolated for a long period of time is called \u201cbeing quarantined\u201d as a penalty within the related fields; this bad situation refers to a human being dragged away from collectivism, thus ending up in a bad situation, and judging by that, we understand that collectivism is what is ideal for humans.\u00a0 Accordingly, it is possible to say that a modern ego, in a relationship with other egos, can go in the direction of forming life conditions that progress in their ordinary flow and in a healthy way in all aspects.<\/p>\n
Although there are states of competition or agreement within social structures, they are not essentially related to the structural cores of the subjects.\u00a0 Even though each of them seems to be in a \u201cconstant fight\u201d in daily life, everyone, in fact, knows they are in need of others in various ways, and acts accordingly. In this context, contrary to what the 20th century French philosopher Jean Paul Sartre said, it is possible to say that \u201chell is \u2018not\u2019 other people\u201d.\u00a0 It is not limited only to this fact, on the contrary, other people are a \u201ccure\u201d for a subject, or a person within their social formation; a subject is required to have contact with other egos in order to keep themselves solid spiritually and physically. The \u201cI think therefore I am\u201d claims made by Descartes were referring to a leap made in a period where the subject was sharply denied; nevertheless, it was not enough after a specific point, and it failed to provide a solution for the problems in modern world.\u00a0 Hegel\u2019s understanding of a new subject, however, holds its validity in that it has the power to propose solutions for the problems of today\u2019s world.\u00a0 One ego is not an enemy to another ego; on the contrary, they complete one another.\u00a0 One can say that this concise transfer also includes polysemy in a structure that is adaptable to many fields.<\/p>\n
REFERENCES<\/strong> Is anyone within the social structure an enemy to anyone?\u00a0 Is there a constant state of conflict and fight between them?\u00a0 These are two of the social domain-related descriptions of Thomas Hobbes, a renowned British philosopher.\u00a0 He, in a sense, says both yes and no as an answer to both questions.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":3171,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1349],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1648","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-art-and-psychiatry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\n
\n\u2013 Do\u011fan G\u00f6\u00e7men, Modern Felsefe-Tarihsel Anlam\u0131, G\u00fcncel Miras\u0131 Adam Smith, Hegel ve Marx, Vivo Yay\u0131nevi, 2015
\n\u2013 Robert Williams, \u201cFreedom as Correlation-Recognition and Self-Actualization in Hegel\u2019s Philosophy of Spirit\u201d (article), 2013.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"